blocks|key|4853650|text|要只获得已明确安装的包(而不仅仅是作为依赖项安装)，可以运行|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|4853651|aptitude+search+'~i!~M'|code-block|syntax|javascript|4853652|这也将包括一个简短的描述，您可能想要。如果没有，还添加选项-F+'%25p'，如karthick87所述。|offset|length|style|CODE|4853653|另一种选择似乎是复制文件/var/lib/apt/extended_states，它是以这种格式创建的文本文件数据库：|4853654|Package:+grub-common
Architecture:+amd64
Auto-Installed:+0

Package:+linux-headers-2.6.35-22-generic
Architecture:+amd64
Auto-Installed:+1|4853655|Auto-Installed:+0表示软件包已明确安装，而不仅仅是依赖项。|entityMap^0|0|0|T|7|0|C|S|0|0|0|H^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|T|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|D|7|U|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|G|3|H|5|6|7|V|8|@$I|W|J|X|K|L]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|M|3|N|5|6|7|Y|8|@$I|Z|J|10|K|L]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|O|3|P|5|D|7|11|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|Q|3|R|5|6|7|12|8|@$I|13|J|14|K|L]]|9|@]|A|$]]]|S|$]]

To get just the packages which were expressly installed (not just installed as dependencies), you can run

<pre><code>aptitude search '~i!~M'
</code></pre>

This will also include a brief description, which you may want. If not, also add the option <code>-F '%p'</code>, as mentioned by karthick87.

<hr>

Yet another option seems to be to copy the file <code>/var/lib/apt/extended_states</code>, which is a text file database in this format:

<pre><code>Package: grub-common
Architecture: amd64
Auto-Installed: 0

Package: linux-headers-2.6.35-22-generic
Architecture: amd64
Auto-Installed: 1
</code></pre>

<code>Auto-Installed: 0</code> indicates that the package was expressly installed and is not just a dependency.

blocks|key|4853493|text|创建当前安装的包的备份：|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|4853494|dpkg+--get-selections+>+list.txt|code-block|syntax|javascript|4853495|然后(在另一个系统上)从该列表恢复安装：|4853496|dpkg+--clear-selections
sudo+dpkg+--set-selections+<+list.txt|4853497|要摆脱陈旧的包：|4853498|sudo+apt-get+autoremove|4853499|要像备份时那样安装(即安装由dpkg+--set-selections设置的包)：|offset|length|style|CODE|4853500|sudo+apt-get+dselect-upgrade|entityMap^0|0|0|0|0|0|0|E|L|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|X|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|D|7|Y|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|G|3|H|5|6|7|Z|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|I|3|J|5|D|7|10|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|K|3|L|5|6|7|11|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|M|3|N|5|D|7|12|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|O|3|P|5|6|7|13|8|@$Q|14|R|15|S|T]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|U|3|V|5|D|7|16|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]]|W|$]]

Create a backup of what packages are currently installed:

<pre><code>dpkg --get-selections &gt; list.txt
</code></pre>

Then (on another system) restore installations from that list:

<pre><code>dpkg --clear-selections
sudo dpkg --set-selections &lt; list.txt
</code></pre>

To get rid of stale packages:

<pre><code>sudo apt-get autoremove
</code></pre>

To get installed like at backup time (i.e. to install packages set by <code>dpkg --set-selections</code>):

<pre><code>sudo apt-get dselect-upgrade
</code></pre>

blocks|key|4854154|text|apt-mark+showmanual|type|code-block|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|syntax|javascript|4854155|手册页声明：|unstyled|4854156|将打印手动安装的软件包列表。|blockquote|4854157|因此，它应该只提供显式安装包的列表(尽管这包括默认初始安装中的包)，而不包含由于安装这些包而包含的所有依赖项。|4854158|要将结果输出到文本文件中：|4854159|apt-mark+showmanual+>+list-manually-installed.txt|entityMap^0|0|0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|Q|8|@]|9|@]|A|$B|C]]|$1|D|3|E|5|F|7|R|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|G|3|H|5|I|7|S|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|J|3|K|5|F|7|T|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|L|3|M|5|F|7|U|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|N|3|O|5|6|7|V|8|@]|9|@]|A|$B|C]]]|P|$]]

<pre><code>apt-mark showmanual
</code></pre>

man pages state:

<blockquote>
 will print a list of manually installed packages
</blockquote>

So, it should just give a list of explicitly installed packages (though this includes packages that were part of the default initial install) without all of the dependencies included due to these packages being installed.

To output the result into a text file:

<pre><code>apt-mark showmanual &gt; list-manually-installed.txt
</code></pre>

blocks|key|6041424|text|若要列出所有已安装的软件包，|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|6041425|dpkg+-l+%7Cawk+'/%5E[hi]i/{print+$2}'+>+1.txt|code-block|syntax|javascript|6041426|或|6041427|aptitude+search+-F+'%25p'+'~i'+>+1.txt|6041428|6041429|dpkg+--get-selections+>+1.txt|6041430|注意：|6041431|6041432|您将在主文件夹中获得结果1.txt文件，或者您可以指定自己的路径。|entityMap^0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|T|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|D|7|U|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|G|3|H|5|6|7|V|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|I|3|J|5|D|7|W|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|K|3|H|5|6|7|X|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|L|3|M|5|D|7|Y|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]|$1|N|3|O|5|6|7|Z|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|P|3|-4|5|6|7|10|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|Q|3|R|5|6|7|11|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|S|$]]

To list all installed packages, 

<pre><code>dpkg -l |awk '/^[hi]i/{print $2}' &gt; 1.txt
</code></pre>

or

<pre><code>aptitude search -F '%p' '~i' &gt; 1.txt
</code></pre>

or

<pre><code>dpkg --get-selections &gt; 1.txt
</code></pre>

Note: 
You will get the result 1.txt file in your home folder or you can specify your own path.

blocks|key|4853422|text|可以使用Synaptic保存已安装包的当前状态。在Synaptic中，选择“文件/保存标记”，输入要将状态保存到的文件名，并确保选中“保存完整状态，而不仅仅是更改”框。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|4853423|保存的文件可以使用Synaptic中的“文件/读取标记”加载到新机器中。|entityMap^0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|E|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|F|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|D|$]]

You can use Synaptic to save the current state of your installed packaged. In Synaptic, select "file/save markings", Enter the name of the file to save the state to, and make sure to check the "Save full state, not only changes" box. 

The file saved from this can be loaded into a new machine using "file/read markings" in Synaptic.

blocks|key|6041450|text|我建议使用蓝图。即使它是为服务器设计的，它也可以在桌面上使用。它将创建一个shell脚本/厨师/木偶，您可以使用它来重新安装所有的包。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|offset|length|data|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://github.com/devstructure/blueprint^0|5|2|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|K|8|@]|9|@$A|L|B|M|1|N]]|C|$]]]|D|$E|$5|F|G|H|C|$I|J]]]]

I recommend using <a href="https://github.com/devstructure/blueprint">blueprint</a>. Even though it is designed for servers, it can be also used from desktops as well. It will create a shell script/chef/puppet that you ca use to re-install all you packages.

blocks|key|4854072|text|还有一个名为Aptik的工具(目前是专用的，命令行和GUI)，它可以帮助您查看所有已安装包的列表，可以选择/取消选择其中一些包，创建备份列表，然后在另一个系统中还原相同的包集。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|4854073|安装：|4854074|sudo+add-apt-repository+-y+ppa:teejee2008/ppa
sudo+apt-get+update
sudo+apt-get+install+aptik|code-block|syntax|javascript|4854075|更多信息：https://teejeetech.in/aptik/|offset|length|4854076|📷|atomic|4854077|从屏幕截图中可以看到，Aptik还允许您备份和恢复PPA，这对于安装一些已安装的软件包是必要的。|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://teejeetech.in/aptik/|1|IMAGE|IMMUTABLE|imageUrl|https://i.stack.imgur.com/SzOJK.png|imageAlt^0|0|0|0|5|S|0|0|0|1|1|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|14|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|15|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|D|3|E|5|F|7|16|8|@]|9|@]|A|$G|H]]|$1|I|3|J|5|6|7|17|8|@]|9|@$K|18|L|19|1|1A]]|A|$]]|$1|M|3|N|5|O|7|1B|8|@]|9|@$K|1C|L|1D|1|1E]]|A|$]]|$1|P|3|Q|5|6|7|1F|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|R|$S|$5|T|U|V|A|$W|X]]|Y|$5|Z|U|10|A|$11|12|13|-4]]]]

There's also a tool called Aptik (currently proprietary, both command line and GUI) which can help you view a list of all installed packages, with an option to select/unselect some of them, make a backup list, and then restore the same set of packages in another system.
To install:
<pre><code>sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:teejee2008/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install aptik
</code></pre>
Further info: <a href="https://teejeetech.in/aptik/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://teejeetech.in/aptik/</a>
<img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/SzOJK.png" alt="enter image description here" />
As can be seen in the screenshot, Aptik lets you also backup and restore PPAs, which will certainly be necessary to install some of the packages installed.

blocks|key|6041507|text|你想在12.04重新安装软件包，对吗？|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|6041508|如果是这样，那就很容易了。您将需要一个"Ubuntu单一的帐户标志“。(在重新安装之前创建它，以便同步您的系统。)|6041509|到软件中心去找“计算机之间的同步”选项在“文件”菜单下。|ordered-list-item|6041510|当您单击它时，您将看到您的计算机注册和一个列表的所有应用程序在您的计算机。|6041511|当您重新安装时，该计算机将被视为一台新计算机。|6041512|您只需登录到您的Ubuntu帐户和您的前一台计算机将显示。|6041513|点击它，你会得到所有应用程序的列表。在您要安装的应用程序上选择“安装”。|entityMap^0|0|0|0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|P|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|Q|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|D|3|E|5|F|7|R|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|G|3|H|5|F|7|S|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|I|3|J|5|F|7|T|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|K|3|L|5|F|7|U|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|M|3|N|5|F|7|V|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|O|$]]

You want to reinstall the packages now there on 12.04, right?

If so, it's very easy. You'll need an "Ubuntu Single Sign On account." (Create it before reinstalling so that your system is synced.)

<ol>
<li>Go to the Software Center and look for the "Sync Between Computers..." option under the File menu.</li>
<li>When you click on it you will see your computer registered and a list of all apps on your computer.</li>
<li>When you will install fresh, that computer will be considered a new computer.</li>
<li>You just have to sign in to your Ubuntu account and your previous computer will be shown.</li>
<li>Click on it; you'll get a list of all apps. Select "install" on the app you want to install.</li>
</ol>

blocks|key|6041782|text|有关于的一个很好的解释描述了如何使用智能来列出未作为依赖项安装的包，以及如何将该列表与Ubuntu发行版的默认包列表进行比较。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|offset|length|data|6041783|要获得12.04及更高版本的桌面版本的清单文件，请访问本站，选择发行版，然后向下滚动到文件部分的CD图像下面。您会发现类似于“ubuntu-12.04.4-桌面-amd64+64%2Bmac.舱单”之类的东西与您的体系结构相匹配。|6041784|对于服务器版本，您需要从用于安装原始系统的ISO获取清单文件。对于VPS或云服务器，您的提供商可能会使映像可用，或者您可能需要与它们联系。|6041785|下面是一个示例，它使用引用的post中的代码，以及在新服务器上安装的修改。|6041786|旧服务器(来自其他帖子的代码，输出保存到文件中)：|6041787|aptitude+search+'~i+!~M'+-F+'%25p'+--disable-columns+%7C+sort+-u+>+currently-installed.list
wget+-qO+-+http://mirror.pnl.gov/releases/precise/ubuntu-12.04.3-desktop-amd64.manifest+\
++%7C+cut+-f1+%7C+sort+-u+>+default-installed.list
comm+-23+currently-installed.list+default-installed.list+>+user-installed.list|code-block|syntax|javascript|6041788|在新服务器上，使用scp复制文件，然后使用sed将'install‘附加到每一行(-i执行内联替换)。然后，您可以使用列表作为“dpkg-set-set”的输入，并使用apt-get安装软件包：|6041789|scp+user@oldserver:user-installed.list+.
sed+-i+'s/$/\tinstall/'+user-installed.list
sudo+dpkg+--set-selections+<+user-installed.list
sudo+apt-get+dselect-upgrade|6041790|在开始此任务之前，我建议阅读并理解开头提到的文章的所有部分，然后咨询智能参考指南以获得有关搜索模式和自定义包的显示方式的详细信息，以便根据您的喜好使用-F选项。|style|CODE|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3595/ubuntu-list-explicitly-installed-packages|1|http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/releases/|2|https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/aptitude/ch02s04.en.html|3|https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/aptitude/ch02s05s01.en.html^0|1|A|0|0|R|2|1|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|23|2|Y|6|2|1E|9|3^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|1B|8|@]|9|@$A|1C|B|1D|1|1E]]|C|$]]|$1|D|3|E|5|6|7|1F|8|@]|9|@$A|1G|B|1H|1|1I]]|C|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|6|7|1J|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|6|7|1K|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|J|3|K|5|6|7|1L|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|L|3|M|5|N|7|1M|8|@]|9|@]|C|$O|P]]|$1|Q|3|R|5|6|7|1N|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|S|3|T|5|N|7|1O|8|@]|9|@]|C|$O|P]]|$1|U|3|V|5|6|7|1P|8|@$A|1Q|B|1R|W|X]]|9|@$A|1S|B|1T|1|1U]|$A|1V|B|1W|1|1X]]|C|$]]]|Y|$Z|$5|10|11|12|C|$13|14]]|15|$5|10|11|12|C|$13|16]]|17|$5|10|11|12|C|$13|18]]|19|$5|10|11|12|C|$13|1A]]]]

There's <a href="https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3595/ubuntu-list-explicitly-installed-packages">a great explanation on Unix StackExchange</a> that describes how to use aptitude to list packages not installed as dependencies, and how to compare that list with the list of default packages for your Ubuntu release.
To obtain the manifest file for desktop versions of 12.04 and newer, visit <a href="http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/releases/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this site</a>, choose your release, and scroll down below the CD images to the files section. You'll find something like &quot;ubuntu-12.04.4-desktop-amd64+mac.manifest&quot; that matches your architecture.
For server versions you'll need to obtain the manifest file from the ISO that was used to install the original system. For a VPS or cloud server, your provider may make the images available or you might need to contact them.
Here's an example using the code from the referenced post, along with modifications to install on the new server.
Old server (code from other post, output saved to file):
<pre><code>aptitude search '~i !~M' -F '%p' --disable-columns | sort -u &gt; currently-installed.list
wget -qO - http://mirror.pnl.gov/releases/precise/ubuntu-12.04.3-desktop-amd64.manifest \
 | cut -f1 | sort -u &gt; default-installed.list
comm -23 currently-installed.list default-installed.list &gt; user-installed.list
</code></pre>
On the new server, copy the file using scp, then use sed to append 'install' to every line (-i performs an inline-replace). Then you can use the list as input to 'dpkg --set-selections' and install the packages with apt-get:
<pre><code>scp user@oldserver:user-installed.list .
sed -i 's/$/\tinstall/' user-installed.list
sudo dpkg --set-selections &lt; user-installed.list
sudo apt-get dselect-upgrade
</code></pre>
Before starting this task, I recommend reading and understanding all parts of the post mentioned in the beginning, and then consult the <a href="https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/aptitude/ch02s04.en.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">aptitude reference guide</a> for details on search patterns and the <a href="https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/aptitude/ch02s05s01.en.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Customizing how packages are displayed</a> to use the <code>-F</code> option as you like.

blocks|key|6041677|text|关于完整的精简版，请参阅：|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|6041678|https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwitchingToUbuntu/FromLinux/RedHatEnterpriseLinuxAndFedora#Command_线路_工具|offset|length|6041679|页的一半：|6041680|dpkg+--名单|blockquote|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwitchingToUbuntu/FromLinux/RedHatEnterpriseLinuxAndFedora#Command_Line_Tools^0|0|0|2Y|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|R|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|S|8|@]|9|@$D|T|E|U|1|V]]|A|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|6|7|W|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|J|7|X|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|K|$L|$5|M|N|O|A|$P|Q]]]]

For the complete rundown see:

<a href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwitchingToUbuntu/FromLinux/RedHatEnterpriseLinuxAndFedora#Command_Line_Tools">https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwitchingToUbuntu/FromLinux/RedHatEnterpriseLinuxAndFedora#Command_Line_Tools</a>

half way across the page:

<blockquote>
 dpkg --list 
</blockquote>

blocks|key|6042315|text|帮助这个社区提供最新的解决方案.|type|header-two|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|6042316|dpkg，xargs+&apt|6042317|此命令应完成创建包含已安装包的文本文件：|unstyled|6042318|dpkg+-l+%7C+awk++'{print+$2}'+>+package_list.txt|code-block|syntax|javascript|6042319|要完成所列出的包的批量安装，您需要编辑‘Packagelist.txt’。使用文本编辑器删除文件顶部的奇怪行。然后，您可以使用以下命令从创建的文件中安装包：|6042320|xargs+<+package_list.txt+apt-get+install+-y|6042321|apt-缓存、xargs和apt-get|6042322|只有当您希望使用列表(包括自动安装等)安装所有当前包时，才使用此方法。|6042323|输出‘apt+pkgnames’对一个文件的响应，我们将简单地命名为"package_list.txt“。您可以通过以下方法来完成这一任务：|6042324|apt-cache+pkgnames+>+package_list.txt|6042325|然后，当您想要从"package_list.txt“安装软件包时，可以使用以下命令：|6042326|xargs+<+package_list.txt+apt-get+install+-y|6042327|apt-标记，xargs，和apt-获取|6042328|我们可以使用命令apt-mark+showmanual提供手动或最初安装Ubuntu的软件包列表。我们希望将其输出到一个文件中，我们将称之为“Packe-list.txt”。使用此命令可以完成以下操作：|offset|length|style|CODE|6042329|apt-mark+showmanual+>+package-list.txt|6042330|用于从文件"package_list.txt“安装软件包的命令如下所示。|6042331|xargs+<+package_list.txt+apt-get+install+-y|6042332|Aptik迁移实用程序|6042333|在升级/重新安装基于Ubuntu的发行版之后，简化软件包的重新安装。+[发射台\+Aptik]|blockquote|6042334|有关Aptik的信息，请访问它的官方页面，对于截图，单击这里或查看本节的末尾。|6042335|安装Aptik很简单。遵循以下步骤：|6042336|使用:++sudo+add-apt-repository+-y+ppa:teejee2008/ppa添加PPA|ordered-list-item|6042337|使用以下命令更新apt。+sudo+apt-get+update|6042338|使用:++sudo+apt-get+install+aptik安装Aptik|6042339|📷|atomic|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://launchpad.net/apt-toolkit|1|https://teejeetech.in/aptik/|2|https://i.stack.imgur.com/PFr2B.png|3|IMAGE|IMMUTABLE|imageUrl|imageAlt^0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|8|J|0|0|0|0|0|10|A|0|0|G|4|1|S|2|2|0|0|5|19|0|D|J|0|5|Q|0|0|1|3^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|2E|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|2F|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|D|3|E|5|F|7|2G|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|G|3|H|5|I|7|2H|8|@]|9|@]|A|$J|K]]|$1|L|3|M|5|F|7|2I|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|N|3|O|5|I|7|2J|8|@]|9|@]|A|$J|K]]|$1|P|3|Q|5|6|7|2K|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|R|3|S|5|F|7|2L|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|T|3|U|5|F|7|2M|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|V|3|W|5|I|7|2N|8|@]|9|@]|A|$J|K]]|$1|X|3|Y|5|F|7|2O|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|Z|3|10|5|I|7|2P|8|@]|9|@]|A|$J|K]]|$1|11|3|12|5|6|7|2Q|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|13|3|14|5|F|7|2R|8|@$15|2S|16|2T|17|18]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|19|3|1A|5|I|7|2U|8|@]|9|@]|A|$J|K]]|$1|1B|3|1C|5|F|7|2V|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|1D|3|1E|5|I|7|2W|8|@]|9|@]|A|$J|K]]|$1|1F|3|1G|5|6|7|2X|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|1H|3|1I|5|1J|7|2Y|8|@]|9|@$15|2Z|16|30|1|31]]|A|$]]|$1|1K|3|1L|5|F|7|32|8|@]|9|@$15|33|16|34|1|35]|$15|36|16|37|1|38]]|A|$]]|$1|1M|3|1N|5|F|7|39|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|1O|3|1P|5|1Q|7|3A|8|@$15|3B|16|3C|17|18]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|1R|3|1S|5|1Q|7|3D|8|@$15|3E|16|3F|17|18]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|1T|3|1U|5|1Q|7|3G|8|@$15|3H|16|3I|17|18]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|1V|3|1W|5|1X|7|3J|8|@]|9|@$15|3K|16|3L|1|3M]]|A|$]]]|1Y|$1Z|$5|20|21|22|A|$23|24]]|25|$5|20|21|22|A|$23|26]]|27|$5|20|21|22|A|$23|28]]|29|$5|2A|21|2B|A|$2C|28|2D|-4]]]]

Help out this community wiki - Add up-to-date solutions. 

<hr>

<h2>dpkg, xargs, &amp; apt-get</h2>

This command should accomplish the creation of a text file containing installed packages:

<pre><code>dpkg -l | awk '{print $2}' &gt; package_list.txt
</code></pre>

To accomplish the bulk installation of the listed packages you'll need to edit 'package_list.txt'. Remove the weird lines at the top of the file using a text editor. You can then use this command to install packages from the created file using:

<pre><code>xargs &lt; package_list.txt apt-get install -y
</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>apt-cache, xargs, &amp; apt-get</h2>

Only use this method if you want all current packages to be installed using the list (which includes automatically installed, etc).

Output the response of 'apt-cache pkgnames' to a file we'll simply name "package_list.txt". You can accomplish this with:

<pre><code>apt-cache pkgnames &gt; package_list.txt
</code></pre>

Then when you want to install packages from "package_list.txt" you would use this command:

<pre><code>xargs &lt; package_list.txt apt-get install -y
</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>apt-mark, xargs, &amp; apt-get</h2>

We can use the command <code>apt-mark showmanual</code> to give a list of packages that were manually or initially installed with Ubuntu. We'll want to output that to a file we'll just call "package-list.txt". Use this command to accomplish that:

<pre><code>apt-mark showmanual &gt; package-list.txt
</code></pre>

The command we would use to install packages from the file "package_list.txt" is below.

<pre><code>xargs &lt; package_list.txt apt-get install -y
</code></pre>

<hr>

<h2>Aptik Migration Utility</h2>

<blockquote>
 Utility to simplify re-installation of software packages after upgrading/re-installing Ubuntu-based distributions. 
 [<a href="https://launchpad.net/apt-toolkit" rel="noreferrer">Launchpad | Aptik</a>]
</blockquote>

For information on Aptik, try visiting its <a href="https://teejeetech.in/aptik/" rel="noreferrer">official page</a>, and for a screenshot click <a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/PFr2B.png" rel="noreferrer">here</a> or view the end of this section. 

Installing Aptik is simple. Follow these steps: 

<ol>
<li>Add the PPA with: 
<code>sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:teejee2008/ppa</code> </li>
<li>Update apt with the below command. 
<code>sudo apt-get update</code></li>
<li>Install Aptik using: 
<code>sudo apt-get install aptik</code></li>
</ol>

<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/PFr2B.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/PFr2B.png" alt="Aptik Migration Utility v16.5.2"></a> 

<hr>

blocks|key|4853986|text|下面的命令还将列出所有已安装的软件包，|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|4853987|grep+'+installed+'+/var/log/dpkg.log+/var/log/dpkg.log.1+%7C+awk+'{print+$5}'+%7C+sort+-u|code-block|syntax|javascript|entityMap^0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|H|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|D|7|I|8|@]|9|@]|A|$E|F]]]|G|$]]

The below command will also lists all the installed packages,

<pre><code>grep ' installed ' /var/log/dpkg.log /var/log/dpkg.log.1 | awk '{print $5}' | sort -u
</code></pre>

blocks|key|4854249|text|要将已安装包的列表保存到名为installed_packages.txt的文件中，只需运行：|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|CODE|entityRanges|data|4854250|dpkg-query+--list+>>+installed_packages.txt|code-block|syntax|javascript|entityMap^0|E|M|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|L|8|@$9|M|A|N|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|H|7|O|8|@]|D|@]|E|$I|J]]]|K|$]]

To save a list of installed packages to a file named <code>installed_packages.txt</code>, just run:

<pre><code>dpkg-query --list &gt;&gt; installed_packages.txt
</code></pre>

blocks|key|4854843|text|除了APT包之外，现在许多GUI包都是以截图的形式分发的。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|offset|length|data|4854844|如果在apt+list+--installed中找不到您的包，请尝试snap+list：|style|CODE|4854845|$+snap+list

Name++++++++++++++++++Version+++++++++++++++++++++Rev+++Tracking++Publisher+++++++Notes
gimp++++++++++++++++++2.10.10+++++++++++++++++++++165+++stable++++snapcrafters++++-
gnome-calculator++++++3.32.1++++++++++++++++++++++406+++stable/…++canonical✓++++++-
keepassxc+++++++++++++2.4.1+++++++++++++++++++++++267+++stable++++keepassxreboot++-
...|code-block|syntax|javascript|4854846|将/snap/bin添加到路径中也是个好主意，这样您就可以从终端(为非根用户自动完成)启动这些路径。|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://docs.snapcraft.io/^0|K|2|0|0|3|K|Y|9|0|0|1|9^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|V|8|@]|9|@$A|W|B|X|1|Y]]|C|$]]|$1|D|3|E|5|6|7|Z|8|@$A|10|B|11|F|G]|$A|12|B|13|F|G]]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|J|7|14|8|@]|9|@]|C|$K|L]]|$1|M|3|N|5|6|7|15|8|@$A|16|B|17|F|G]]|9|@]|C|$]]]|O|$P|$5|Q|R|S|C|$T|U]]]]

In addition to APT packages, many GUI packages are nowadays distributed as <a href="https://docs.snapcraft.io/" rel="noreferrer">snaps</a>.

If your package can't be found in <code>apt list --installed</code>, then try <code>snap list</code>:

<pre><code>$ snap list

Name Version Rev Tracking Publisher Notes
gimp 2.10.10 165 stable snapcrafters -
gnome-calculator 3.32.1 406 stable/… canonical✓ -
keepassxc 2.4.1 267 stable keepassxreboot -
...
</code></pre>

It's also a good idea to add <code>/snap/bin</code> to the PATH so you can start those from the terminal (done automatically for non-root users).

blocks|key|6042472|text|我认为值得注意的是，apt+list+--installed或dpkg-query+--list实际上使用了名为/var/lib/dpkg/status的文件，在该文件后面，有关包的所有信息都是the。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|CODE|entityRanges|data|6042473|因此，如果您想处理超级扩展的包列表，只需处理cat+/var/lib/dpkg/status。|6042474|注意:不要修改/var/lib/dpkg/status文件。|entityMap^0|A|K|V|H|1K|K|0|M|O|0|7|K^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|K|8|@$9|L|A|M|B|C]|$9|N|A|O|B|C]|$9|P|A|Q|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|6|7|R|8|@$9|S|A|T|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|6|7|U|8|@$9|V|A|W|B|C]]|D|@]|E|$]]]|J|$]]

I think it is interesting to note <code>apt list --installed</code> or <code>dpkg-query --list</code> actually use the file called <code>/var/lib/dpkg/status</code> in behind where all the info about the packages is beard.

So if you would like to deal with the super extended list of packages just <code>cat /var/lib/dpkg/status</code>.

Note: Do not alter <code>/var/lib/dpkg/status</code> file.

blocks|key|6042804|text|包dctrl-tools提供了grep-status工具，以获取系统上标记为已安装的包列表：|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|offset|length|style|CODE|entityRanges|data|6042805|sudo+apt+install+dctrl-tools|code-block|syntax|javascript|6042806|用法：|6042807|grep-status+-FStatus+-sPackage+-n+++"install+ok+installed"|6042808|请参阅：man+dctrl-tools|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://github.com/ajkaijanaho/dctrl-tools|1|http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/bionic/man1/grep-dctrl.1.html^0|1|B|F|B|1|B|0|0|0|0|0|4|F|4|F|1^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|Z|8|@$9|10|A|11|B|C]|$9|12|A|13|B|C]]|D|@$9|14|A|15|1|16]]|E|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|H|7|17|8|@]|D|@]|E|$I|J]]|$1|K|3|L|5|6|7|18|8|@]|D|@]|E|$]]|$1|M|3|N|5|H|7|19|8|@]|D|@]|E|$I|J]]|$1|O|3|P|5|6|7|1A|8|@$9|1B|A|1C|B|C]]|D|@$9|1D|A|1E|1|1F]]|E|$]]]|Q|$R|$5|S|T|U|E|$V|W]]|X|$5|S|T|U|E|$V|Y]]]]

The package <a href="https://github.com/ajkaijanaho/dctrl-tools" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><code>dctrl-tools</code></a> provide the <code>grep-status</code> tool to get the list of the packages marked as installed on your system:
<pre><code>sudo apt install dctrl-tools
</code></pre>
Usage:
<pre><code>grep-status -FStatus -sPackage -n &quot;install ok installed&quot;
</code></pre>
See: <a href="http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/bionic/man1/grep-dctrl.1.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><code>man dctrl-tools</code></a>

I'd like to output a list of all installed packages into a text file so that I can review it and bulk-install on another system. How would I do this?

How to list all installed packages

翻译质量差，导致语言生硬或混乱。

没有提供实际的解决方法或示例。

解答不清晰，无法理解或解决问题。

页面排版不美观，阅读体验差。

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我希望将所有已安装软件包的列表输出到文本文件中，以便我可以查看它并在另一个系统上批量安装。我该怎么做？

问如何列出所有已安装的软件包
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