考虑用二进制语言编写的两个数字(左边是MSB):
X = x7 x6 x5 x4 x3 x2 x1 x0和
Y = y7 y6 y5 y4 y3 y2 y1 y0这些数字可以有任意数量的位,但两者都是相同类型的。现在考虑一下x7 == y7,x6 == y6,x5 == y5,但是x4 != y4。
如何计算:
Z = x7 x6 x5 0 0 0 0 0换句话说,如何有效地计算一个将公共部分保持在最后一个不同位左边的数字?
template <typename T>
inline T f(const T x, const T y)
{
// Something here
}例如,对于以下方面:
x = 10100101
y = 10110010它应该会回来
z = 10100000注:这是为了超级计算的目的,这一操作将执行数千亿次,因此应避免逐个扫描比特。
发布于 2014-02-03 06:44:42
我的答案是基于@JerryCoffin的答案。
int d = x ^ y;
d = d | (d >> 1);
d = d | (d >> 2);
d = d | (d >> 4);
d = d | (d >> 8);
d = d | (d >> 16);
int z = x & (~d);发布于 2014-02-03 08:01:59
这个问题的一部分出现在位操作中:“带有or的并行后缀”或“前缀”(即,取决于您所听的是谁,低位被称为后缀或前缀)。显然,一旦您有了这样的方法,将其扩展到您想要的(如其他答案所示)是非常简单的。
不管怎样,最明显的方法是:
x |= x >> 1
x |= x >> 2
x |= x >> 4
x |= x >> 8
x |= x >> 16但你可能并不局限于简单的运算符。
对哈斯韦尔来说,我发现的最快的方法是:
lzcnt rax, rax ; number of leading zeroes, sets carry if rax=0
mov edx, 64
sub edx, eax
mov rax, -1
bzhi rax, rax, rdx ; reset the bits in rax starting at position rdx其他竞争者包括:
mov rdx, -1
bsr rax, rax ; position of the highest set bit, set Z flag if no bit
cmovz rdx, rax ; set rdx=rax iff Z flag is set
xor eax, 63
shrx rax, rdx, rax ; rax = rdx >> rax和
lzcnt rax, rax
sbb rdx, rdx ; rdx -= rdx + carry (so 0 if no carry, -1 if carry)
not rdx
shrx rax, rdx, rax但他们没那么快。
我也考虑过
lzcnt rax, rax
mov rax, [table+rax*8]但是很难公平地比较它,因为它是唯一花费缓存空间的,它具有非本地效应。
通过对各种方法进行基准测试,导致了this question对lzcnt的一些奇怪行为的了解。
它们都依赖于一些快速的方法来确定最高集位的位置,如果你真的需要的话,你可以用一个浮点数和指数提取来实现,所以大多数平台都可以使用类似的方法。
如果移位计数等于或大于操作数大小,则给出零的移位将很好地解决这个问题。x86没有,但也许你的平台有。
如果您有一个快速的位反转指令,您可以这样做:(这并不打算是ARM asm)。
rbit r0, r0
neg r1, r0
or r0, r1, r0
rbit r0, r0发布于 2014-02-03 13:20:08
比较了几种算法,得出了这样的排名:
在下面的测试中内环为1或10:
InnerLoops = 10:
Timing 1: 0.101284
Timing 2: 0.108845
Timing 3: 0.102526
Timing 4: 0.191911100或100以上的内环:
InnerLoops = 100:
Timing 1: 0.441786
Timing 2: 0.507651
Timing 3: 0.548328
Timing 4: 0.593668测试:
#include <algorithm>
#include <chrono>
#include <limits>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
// Functions
// =========
inline unsigned function1(unsigned a, unsigned b)
{
a ^= b;
if(a) {
int n = __builtin_clz (a);
a = (~0u) >> n;
}
return ~a & b;
}
typedef std::uint8_t byte;
static byte msb_table[256] = {
0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,
7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
};
inline unsigned function2(unsigned a, unsigned b)
{
a ^= b;
if(a) {
unsigned n = 0;
if(a >> 24) n = msb_table[byte(a >> 24)] + 24;
else if(a >> 16) n = msb_table[byte(a >> 16)] + 16;
else if(a >> 8) n = msb_table[byte(a >> 8)] + 8;
else n = msb_table[byte(a)];
a = (~0u) >> (32-n);
}
return ~a & b;
}
inline unsigned function3(unsigned a, unsigned b)
{
unsigned d = a ^ b;
d = d | (d >> 1);
d = d | (d >> 2);
d = d | (d >> 4);
d = d | (d >> 8);
d = d | (d >> 16);
return a & (~d);;
}
inline unsigned function4(unsigned a, unsigned b)
{
const unsigned maxbit = 1u << (std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::digits - 1);
unsigned msb = maxbit;
a ^= b;
while( ! (a & msb))
msb >>= 1;
if(msb == maxbit) return 0;
else {
msb <<= 1;
msb -= 1;
return ~msb & b;
}
}
// Test
// ====
inline double duration(
std::chrono::system_clock::time_point start,
std::chrono::system_clock::time_point end)
{
return double((end - start).count())
/ std::chrono::system_clock::period::den;
}
int main() {
typedef unsigned (*Function)(unsigned , unsigned);
Function fn[] = {
function1,
function2,
function3,
function4,
};
const unsigned N = sizeof(fn) / sizeof(fn[0]);
std::chrono::system_clock::duration timing[N] = {};
const unsigned OuterLoops = 1000000;
const unsigned InnerLoops = 100;
const unsigned Samples = OuterLoops * InnerLoops;
unsigned* A = new unsigned[Samples];
unsigned* B = new unsigned[Samples];
for(unsigned i = 0; i < Samples; ++i) {
A[i] = std::rand();
B[i] = std::rand();
}
unsigned F[N];
for(unsigned f = 0; f < N; ++f) F[f] = f;
unsigned result[N];
for(unsigned i = 0; i < OuterLoops; ++i) {
std::random_shuffle(F, F + N);
for(unsigned f = 0; f < N; ++f) {
unsigned g = F[f];
auto start = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
for(unsigned j = 0; j < InnerLoops; ++j) {
unsigned index = i + j;
unsigned a = A[index];
unsigned b = B[index];
result[g] = fn[g](a, b);
}
auto end = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
timing[g] += (end-start);
}
for(unsigned f = 1; f < N; ++f) {
if(result[0] != result[f]) {
std::cerr << "Different Results\n" << std::hex;
for(unsigned g = 0; g < N; ++g)
std::cout << "Result " << g+1 << ": " << result[g] << '\n';
exit(-1);
}
}
}
for(unsigned i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
std::cout
<< "Timing " << i+1 << ": "
<< double(timing[i].count()) / std::chrono::system_clock::period::den
<< "\n";
}
}编译器:
g++ 4.7.2
硬件:
英特尔核心GiB i3-2310MCPU@ 2.10GHz×4.7.7 GiB
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21520622
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