2023前端二面必会vue面试题指南4

https://interview2.poetries.top#search

window.addEventListener("hashchange", funcRef, false);

window.history.pushState(null, null, path);
window.history.replaceState(null, null, path);

npm create vite@latest my-vite-app --template vue-ts

yarn add pinia

// main.ts
import { createApp } from "vue";
import App from "./App.vue";
import { createPinia } from "pinia";
const pinia = createPinia();

const app = createApp(App);
app.use(pinia);
app.mount("#app");

//sbinsrc/store/user.ts
import { defineStore } from 'pinia'

// 第一个参数是应用程序中 store 的唯一 id
export const useUsersStore = defineStore('users', {
  // 其它配置项
})

<!-- src/App.vue -->
<script setup lang="ts">
import { useUsersStore } from "../src/store/user";
const store = useUsersStore();
console.log(store);
</script>

export const useUsersStore = defineStore("users", {
  state: () => {
    return {
      name: "test",
      age: 20,
      sex: "男",
    };
  },
});

<template>
  <img alt="Vue logo" src="./assets/logo.png" />
  <p>姓名：{{ name }}</p>
  <p>年龄：{{ age }}</p>
  <p>性别：{{ sex }}</p>
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
import { ref } from "vue";
import { useUsersStore } from "../src/store/user";
const store = useUsersStore();
const name = ref<string>(store.name);
const age = ref<number>(store.age);
const sex = ref<string>(store.sex);
</script>

import { useUsersStore, storeToRefs } from "../src/store/user";
const store = useUsersStore();
const { name, age, sex } = storeToRefs(store); // storeToRefs获取的值是响应式的

<template>
  <img alt="Vue logo" src="./assets/logo.png" />
  <p>姓名：{{ name }}</p>
  <p>年龄：{{ age }}</p>
  <p>性别：{{ sex }}</p>
  <button @click="changeName">更改姓名</button>
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
import child from './child.vue';
import { useUsersStore, storeToRefs } from "../src/store/user";
const store = useUsersStore();
const { name, age, sex } = storeToRefs(store);
const changeName = () => {
  store.name = "张三";
  console.log(store);
};
</script>

<button @click="reset">重置store</button>
// 重置store
const reset = () => {
  store.$reset();
};

<button @click="patchStore">批量修改数据</button>
// 批量修改数据
const patchStore = () => {
  store.$patch({
    name: "张三",
    age: 100,
    sex: "女",
  });
};

store.$patch((state) => {
  state.items.push({ name: 'shoes', quantity: 1 })
  state.hasChanged = true
})

store.$state = { counter: 666, name: '张三' }

export const useUsersStore = defineStore("users", {
  state: () => {
    return {
      name: "test",
      age: 10,
      sex: "男",
    };
  },
  getters: {
    getAddAge: (state) => {
      return state.age + 100;
    },
  },
})

<template>
  <p>新年龄：{{ store.getAddAge }}</p>
  <button @click="patchStore">批量修改数据</button>
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
import { useUsersStore } from "../src/store/user";
const store = useUsersStore();
// 批量修改数据
const patchStore = () => {
  store.$patch({
    name: "张三",
    age: 100,
    sex: "女",
  });
};
</script>

export const useUsersStore = defineStore("users", {
  state: () => {
    return {
      name: "test",
      age: 20,
      sex: "男",
    };
  },
  getters: {
    getAddAge: (state) => {
      return state.age + 100;
    },
    getNameAndAge(): string {
      return this.name + this.getAddAge; // 调用其它getter
    },
  },
});

export const useUsersStore = defineStore("users", {
  state: () => {
    return {
      name: "test",
      age: 20,
      sex: "男",
    };
  },
  getters: {
    getAddAge: (state) => {
      return (num: number) => state.age + num;
    },
    getNameAndAge(): string {
      return this.name + this.getAddAge; // 调用其它getter
    },
  },
});

<p>新年龄：{{ store.getAddAge(1100) }}</p>

export const useUsersStore = defineStore("users", {
  state: () => {
    return {
      name: "test",
      age: 20,
      sex: "男",
    };
  },
  getters: {
    getAddAge: (state) => {
      return (num: number) => state.age + num;
    },
    getNameAndAge(): string {
      return this.name + this.getAddAge; // 调用其它getter
    },
  },
  actions: {
    // 在实际场景中，该方法可以是任何逻辑，比如发送请求、存储token等等。大家把actions方法当作一个普通的方法即可，特殊之处在于该方法内部的this指向的是当前store
    saveName(name: string) {
      this.name = name;
    },
  },
});

const saveName = () => {
  store.saveName("poetries");
};

const count = ref(0)
console.log(count.value) // 0

count.value++
console.log(count.value) // 1

const obj = reactive({ count: 0 })
obj.count++

const app = createApp({
    watch: {
      '$store.state.counter'() {
        console.log('counter change!');
      }
    }
})

store.subscribe((mutation, state) => {
    if (mutation.type === 'add') {
      console.log('counter change in subscribe()!');
    }
})

// 指令使用的几种方式：
//会实例化一个指令，但这个指令没有参数 
`v-xxx`

// -- 将值传到指令中
`v-xxx="value"`  

// -- 将字符串传入到指令中，如`v-html="'<p>内容</p>'"`
`v-xxx="'string'"` 

// -- 传参数（`arg`），如`v-bind:class="className"`
`v-xxx:arg="value"` 

// -- 使用修饰符（`modifier`）
`v-xxx:arg.modifier="value"` 

// 全局注册注册主要是用过Vue.directive方法进行注册
// Vue.directive第一个参数是指令的名字（不需要写上v-前缀），第二个参数可以是对象数据，也可以是一个指令函数
// 注册一个全局自定义指令 `v-focus`
Vue.directive('focus', {
  // 当被绑定的元素插入到 DOM 中时……
  inserted: function (el) {
    // 聚焦元素
    el.focus()  // 页面加载完成之后自动让输入框获取到焦点的小功能
  }
})

// 局部注册通过在组件options选项中设置directive属性
directives: {
  focus: {
    // 指令的定义
    inserted: function (el) {
      el.focus() // 页面加载完成之后自动让输入框获取到焦点的小功能
    }
  }
}

// 然后你可以在模板中任何元素上使用新的 v-focus property，如下：

<input v-focus />

<div v-demo="{ color: 'white', text: 'hello!' }"></div>
<script>
    Vue.directive('demo', function (el, binding) {
    console.log(binding.value.color) // "white"
    console.log(binding.value.text)  // "hello!"
    })
</script>

// 1.设置v-throttle自定义指令
Vue.directive('throttle', {
  bind: (el, binding) => {
    let throttleTime = binding.value; // 防抖时间
    if (!throttleTime) { // 用户若不设置防抖时间，则默认2s
      throttleTime = 2000;
    }
    let cbFun;
    el.addEventListener('click', event => {
      if (!cbFun) { // 第一次执行
        cbFun = setTimeout(() => {
          cbFun = null;
        }, throttleTime);
      } else {
        event && event.stopImmediatePropagation();
      }
    }, true);
  },
});
// 2.为button标签设置v-throttle自定义指令
<button @click="sayHello" v-throttle>提交</button>

const LazyLoad = {
    // install方法
    install(Vue,options){
       // 代替图片的loading图
        let defaultSrc = options.default;
        Vue.directive('lazy',{
            bind(el,binding){
                LazyLoad.init(el,binding.value,defaultSrc);
            },
            inserted(el){
                // 兼容处理
                if('InterpObserver' in window){
                    LazyLoad.observe(el);
                }else{
                    LazyLoad.listenerScroll(el);
                }

            },
        })
    },
    // 初始化
    init(el,val,def){
        // src 储存真实src
        el.setAttribute('src',val);
        // 设置src为loading图
        el.setAttribute('src',def);
    },
    // 利用InterpObserver监听el
    observe(el){
        let io = new InterpObserver(entries => {
            let realSrc = el.dataset.src;
            if(entries[0].isIntersecting){
                if(realSrc){
                    el.src = realSrc;
                    el.removeAttribute('src');
                }
            }
        });
        io.observe(el);
    },
    // 监听scroll事件
    listenerScroll(el){
        let handler = LazyLoad.throttle(LazyLoad.load,300);
        LazyLoad.load(el);
        window.addEventListener('scroll',() => {
            handler(el);
        });
    },
    // 加载真实图片
    load(el){
        let windowHeight = document.documentElement.clientHeight
        let elTop = el.getBoundingClientRect().top;
        let elBtm = el.getBoundingClientRect().bottom;
        let realSrc = el.dataset.src;
        if(elTop - windowHeight<0&&elBtm > 0){
            if(realSrc){
                el.src = realSrc;
                el.removeAttribute('src');
            }
        }
    },
    // 节流
    throttle(fn,delay){
        let timer; 
        let prevTime;
        return function(...args){
            let currTime = Date.now();
            let context = this;
            if(!prevTime) prevTime = currTime;
            clearTimeout(timer);

            if(currTime - prevTime > delay){
                prevTime = currTime;
                fn.apply(context,args);
                clearTimeout(timer);
                return;
            }

            timer = setTimeout(function(){
                prevTime = Date.now();
                timer = null;
                fn.apply(context,args);
            },delay);
        }
    }

}
export default LazyLoad;

import { Message } from 'ant-design-vue';

const vCopy = { //
  /*
    bind 钩子函数，第一次绑定时调用，可以在这里做初始化设置
    el: 作用的 dom 对象
    value: 传给指令的值，也就是我们要 copy 的值
  */
  bind(el, { value }) {
    el.$value = value; // 用一个全局属性来存传进来的值，因为这个值在别的钩子函数里还会用到
    el.handler = () => {
      if (!el.$value) {
      // 值为空的时候，给出提示，我这里的提示是用的 ant-design-vue 的提示，你们随意
        Message.warning('无复制内容');
        return;
      }
      // 动态创建 textarea 标签
      const textarea = document.createElement('textarea');
      // 将该 textarea 设为 readonly 防止 iOS 下自动唤起键盘，同时将 textarea 移出可视区域
      textarea.readOnly = 'readonly';
      textarea.style.position = 'absolute';
      textarea.style.left = '-9999px';
      // 将要 copy 的值赋给 textarea 标签的 value 属性
      textarea.value = el.$value;
      // 将 textarea 插入到 body 中
      document.body.appendChild(textarea);
      // 选中值并复制
      textarea.select();
      // textarea.setSelectionRange(0, textarea.value.length);
      const result = document.execCommand('Copy');
      if (result) {
        Message.success('复制成功');
      }
      document.body.removeChild(textarea);
    };
    // 绑定点击事件，就是所谓的一键 copy 啦
    el.addEventListener('click', el.handler);
  },
  // 当传进来的值更新的时候触发
  componentUpdated(el, { value }) {
    el.$value = value;
  },
  // 指令与元素解绑的时候，移除事件绑定
  unbind(el) {
    el.removeEventListener('click', el.handler);
  },
};

export default vCopy;

<div ref="a" id="bg" v-drag></div>

  directives: {
    drag: {
      bind() {},
      inserted(el) {
        el.onmousedown = (e) => {
          let x = e.clientX - el.offsetLeft;
          let y = e.clientY - el.offsetTop;
          document.onmousemove = (e) => {
            let xx = e.clientX - x + "px";
            let yy = e.clientY - y + "px";
            el.style.left = xx;
            el.style.top = yy;
          };
          el.onmouseup = (e) => {
            document.onmousemove = null;
          };
        };
      },
    },
  }

import Vue from 'vue'

Vue.nextTick(() => {})

import { nextTick, observable } from 'vue'

nextTick(() => {})

vue create vue-demo

<script>
    export default {
        data: () => ({
            count: 1,
        }),
    };
</script>

export default {
    data: () => ({
        question:"", 
        count: 1,
    }),
    computed: {
        double: function () {
            return this.count * 2;
        },
    },
    watch: {
        question: function (newQuestion, oldQuestion) {
            this.answer = 'xxxx'
        }
};

import { reactive, defineComponent } from "vue";
export default defineComponent({
  setup() {
    const state = reactive({
      count: 1,
    });
    return {
      state,
    };
  },
});

import { reactive, defineComponent, computed, watch } from "vue";
export default defineComponent({
  setup() {
    const state = reactive({
      count: 1,
    });
    const double = computed(() => {
      return state.count * 2;
    });

    watch(
      () => state.count,
      (count, preCount) => {
        console.log(count);
        console.log(preCount);
      }
    );
    return {
      state,
      double,
    };
  },
});

switch (mode) {
    case 'history':
    this.history = new HTML5History(this, options.base)
    break
    case 'hash':
    this.history = new HashHistory(this, options.base, this.fallback)
      break
    case 'abstract':
    this.history = new AbstractHistory(this, options.base)
      break
  default:
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      assert(false, `invalid mode: ${mode}`)
    }
}

1. 数据驱动页面，提供响应式的试图组件
2. 都有virtual DOM,组件化的开发，通过props参数进行父子之间组件传递数据，都实现了webComponents规范
3. 数据流动单向，都支持服务器的渲染SSR
4. 都有支持native的方法，react有React native， vue有wexx

 1.数据绑定：Vue实现了双向的数据绑定，react数据流动是单向的
 2.数据渲染：大规模的数据渲染，react更快
 3.使用场景：React配合Redux架构适合大规模多人协作复杂项目，Vue适合小快的项目
 4.开发风格：react推荐做法jsx + inline style把html和css都写在js了
      vue是采用webpack + vue-loader单文件组件格式，html, js, css同一个文件

<!-- vue3 -->
<script setup>
  // vue3写法
</script>

<!-- 降级vue2 -->
<script>
  export default {
    data() {},
    methods: {}
  }
</script>

<script>
    // Vue.options 中会存放所有全局属性

    // 会用自身的 + Vue.options 中的属性进行合并
    // Vue.mixin({
    //     beforeCreate() {
    //         console.log('before 0')
    //     },
    // })
    debugger;
    const vm = new Vue({
        el: '#app',
        beforeCreate: [
            function() {
                console.log('before 1')
            },
            function() {
                console.log('before 2')
            }
        ]
    });
    console.log(vm);
</script>

export function callHook(vm, hook) {
  // 依次执行生命周期对应的方法
  const handlers = vm.$options[hook];
  if (handlers) {
    for (let i = 0; i < handlers.length; i++) {
      handlers[i].call(vm); //生命周期里面的this指向当前实例
    }
  }
}

// 调用的时候
Vue.prototype._init = function (options) {
  const vm = this;
  vm.$options = mergeOptions(vm.constructor.options, options);
  callHook(vm, "beforeCreate"); //初始化数据之前
  // 初始化状态
  initState(vm);
  callHook(vm, "created"); //初始化数据之后
  if (vm.$options.el) {
    vm.$mount(vm.$options.el);
  }
};

// 销毁实例实现
Vue.prototype.$destory = function() {
     // 触发钩子
    callHook(vm, 'beforeDestory')
    // 自身及子节点
    remove() 
    // 删除依赖
    watcher.teardown() 
    // 删除监听
    vm.$off() 
    // 触发钩子
    callHook(vm, 'destoryed')
}

const patternTypes: Array<Function> = [String, RegExp, Array] // 接收：字符串，正则，数组

export default {
  name: 'keep-alive',
  abstract: true, // 抽象组件，是一个抽象组件：它自身不会渲染一个 DOM 元素，也不会出现在父组件链中。

  props: {
    include: patternTypes, // 匹配的组件，缓存
    exclude: patternTypes, // 不去匹配的组件，不缓存
    max: [String, Number], // 缓存组件的最大实例数量, 由于缓存的是组件实例（vnode），数量过多的时候，会占用过多的内存，可以用max指定上限
  },

  created() {
    // 用于初始化缓存虚拟DOM数组和vnode的key
    this.cache = Object.create(null)
    this.keys = []
  },

  destroyed() {
    // 销毁缓存cache的组件实例
    for (const key in this.cache) {
      pruneCacheEntry(this.cache, key, this.keys)
    }
  },

  mounted() {
    // prune 削减精简[v.]
    // 去监控include和exclude的改变，根据最新的include和exclude的内容，来实时削减缓存的组件的内容
    this.$watch('include', (val) => {
      pruneCache(this, (name) => matches(val, name))
    })
    this.$watch('exclude', (val) => {
      pruneCache(this, (name) => !matches(val, name))
    })
  },
}

render () {
  //
  function getFirstComponentChild (children: ?Array<VNode>): ?VNode {
    if (Array.isArray(children)) {
  for (let i = 0; i < children.length; i++) {
    const c = children[i]
    if (isDef(c) && (isDef(c.componentOptions) || isAsyncPlaceholder(c))) {
      return c
    }
  }
  }
  }
  const slot = this.$slots.default // 获取默认插槽
  const vnode: VNode = getFirstComponentChild(slot)// 获取第一个子组件
  const componentOptions: ?VNodeComponentOptions = vnode && vnode.componentOptions // 组件参数
  if (componentOptions) { // 是否有组件参数
    // check pattern
    const name: ?string = getComponentName(componentOptions) // 获取组件名
    const { include, exclude } = this
    if (
      // not included
      (include && (!name || !matches(include, name))) ||
      // excluded
      (exclude && name && matches(exclude, name))
    ) {
      // 如果不匹配当前组件的名字和include以及exclude
      // 那么直接返回组件的实例
      return vnode
    }

    const { cache, keys } = this

    // 获取这个组件的key
    const key: ?string = vnode.key == null
      // same constructor may get registered as different local components
      // so cid alone is not enough (#3269)
      ? componentOptions.Ctor.cid + (componentOptions.tag ? `::${componentOptions.tag}` : '')
      : vnode.key

    if (cache[key]) {
      // LRU缓存策略执行
      vnode.componentInstance = cache[key].componentInstance // 组件初次渲染的时候componentInstance为undefined

      // make current key freshest
      remove(keys, key)
      keys.push(key)
      // 根据LRU缓存策略执行，将key从原来的位置移除，然后将这个key值放到最后面
    } else {
      // 在缓存列表里面没有的话，则加入，同时判断当前加入之后，是否超过了max所设定的范围，如果是，则去除
      // 使用时间间隔最长的一个
      cache[key] = vnode
      keys.push(key)
      // prune oldest entry
      if (this.max && keys.length > parseInt(this.max)) {
        pruneCacheEntry(cache, keys[0], keys, this._vnode)
      }
    }
    // 将组件的keepAlive属性设置为true
    vnode.data.keepAlive = true // 作用：判断是否要执行组件的created、mounted生命周期函数
  }
  return vnode || (slot && slot[0])
}

// core/instance/lifecycle
function initLifecycle (vm: Component) {
  const options = vm.$options

  // locate first non-abstract parent
  let parent = options.parent
  if (parent && !options.abstract) { // 判断组件的abstract属性，才往父组件里面挂载DOM
    while (parent.$options.abstract && parent.$parent) {
      parent = parent.$parent
    }
    parent.$children.push(vm)
  }

  vm.$parent = parent
  vm.$root = parent ? parent.$root : vm

  vm.$children = []
  vm.$refs = {}

  vm._watcher = null
  vm._inactive = null
  vm._directInactive = false
  vm._isMounted = false
  vm._isDestroyed = false
  vm._isBeingDestroyed = false
}

// core/vdom/create-component
init (vnode: VNodeWithData, hydrating: boolean): ?boolean {
    if (
      vnode.componentInstance &&
      !vnode.componentInstance._isDestroyed &&
      vnode.data.keepAlive
    ) { // componentInstance在初次是undefined!!!
      // kept-alive components, treat as a patch
      const mountedNode: any = vnode // work around flow
      componentVNodeHooks.prepatch(mountedNode, mountedNode) // prepatch函数执行的是组件更新的过程
    } else {
      const child = vnode.componentInstance = createComponentInstanceForVnode(
        vnode,
        activeInstance
      )
      child.$mount(hydrating ? vnode.elm : undefined, hydrating)
    }
  },

const router = createRouter({ ... })

router.beforeEach((to, from) => {
  // ...
  // 返回 false 以取消导航
  return false
})

const routes = [
  {
    path: '/users/:id',
    component: UserDetails,
    beforeEnter: (to, from) => {
      // reject the navigation
      return false
    },
  },
]

const UserDetails = {
  template: `...`,
  beforeRouteEnter(to, from) {
    // 在渲染该组件的对应路由被验证前调用
  },
  beforeRouteUpdate(to, from) {
    // 在当前路由改变，但是该组件被复用时调用
  },
  beforeRouteLeave(to, from) {
    // 在导航离开渲染该组件的对应路由时调用
  },
}

// 源码
runGuardQueue(guards)
  .then(() => {
    // check global guards beforeEach
    guards = []
    for (const guard of beforeGuards.list()) {
      guards.push(guardToPromiseFn(guard, to, from))
    }
    guards.push(canceledNavigationCheck)

    return runGuardQueue(guards)
  })
  .then(() => {
    // check in components beforeRouteUpdate
    guards = extractComponentsGuards(
      updatingRecords,
      'beforeRouteUpdate',
      to,
      from
    )

    for (const record of updatingRecords) {
      record.updateGuards.forEach(guard => {
        guards.push(guardToPromiseFn(guard, to, from))
      })
    }
    guards.push(canceledNavigationCheck)

    // run the queue of per route beforeEnter guards
    return runGuardQueue(guards)
  })
  .then(() => {
    // check the route beforeEnter
    guards = []
    for (const record of to.matched) {
      // do not trigger beforeEnter on reused views
      if (record.beforeEnter && !from.matched.includes(record)) {
        if (isArray(record.beforeEnter)) {
          for (const beforeEnter of record.beforeEnter)
            guards.push(guardToPromiseFn(beforeEnter, to, from))
        } else {
          guards.push(guardToPromiseFn(record.beforeEnter, to, from))
        }
      }
    }
    guards.push(canceledNavigationCheck)

    // run the queue of per route beforeEnter guards
    return runGuardQueue(guards)
  })
  .then(() => {
    // NOTE: at this point to.matched is normalized and does not contain any () => Promise<Component>

    // clear existing enterCallbacks, these are added by extractComponentsGuards
    to.matched.forEach(record => (record.enterCallbacks = {}))

    // check in-component beforeRouteEnter
    guards = extractComponentsGuards(
      enteringRecords,
      'beforeRouteEnter',
      to,
      from
    )
    guards.push(canceledNavigationCheck)

    // run the queue of per route beforeEnter guards
    return runGuardQueue(guards)
  })
  .then(() => {
    // check global guards beforeResolve
    guards = []
    for (const guard of beforeResolveGuards.list()) {
      guards.push(guardToPromiseFn(guard, to, from))
    }
    guards.push(canceledNavigationCheck)

    return runGuardQueue(guards)
  })
  // catch any navigation canceled
  .catch(err =>
    isNavigationFailure(err, ErrorTypes.NAVIGATION_CANCELLED)
      ? err
      : Promise.reject(err)
  )

[v-cloak] {    display: none;}